defenition cephalgia
Cephalgia (headache) is the pain located in the head orbitomeatal.Nyeri line is usually a symptom of the disease and may occur with or without an organic disorder. Others have suggested that facial pain / headache and facial pain is different, but there are other opinions that consider it as the front face of the head is not covered head hair.
Cephalgia (headache) is the pain located in the head orbitomeatal.Nyeri line is usually a symptom of the disease and may occur with or without an organic disorder. Others have suggested that facial pain / headache and facial pain is different, but there are other opinions that consider it as the front face of the head is not covered head hair.
Symptoms cephalgia
1. Headaches can be unilateral or bilateral.
2. Pain felt on the inside of the eye or the inner eye corners, more often fronto temporal region.
3. Pain may spread in the occiput and upper neck or lower neck.
4. There were some cases started to feel dull pain in the upper neck began to creep forward.
5. Sometimes on across the head and spreads down to the face.
6. The pain may be dull throbbing of the growing according to the pulse and the subsequent constant.
7. People with pale face and darker under-eye puffiness.
8. Face red and swollen on the sore area.
9. Feet or hands sweaty and cold.
10. Usually oliguria and polyuria before the attack after attack.
11. Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and others.
12. Sometimes there are neurological disorders that accompany, or precede the attack subsequently arise.
Pathophysiology cephalgia
Headaches caused by stimulation of the buildings in the head and neck are sensitive to pain, and facial pain is usually due to the excitation of the fibers of the trigeminal nerve sensible. Extracranial buildings that are sensitive to the pain of the scalp, periosteum, muscles - muscles, blood vessels and nerves. Build-intracranial buildings that are sensitive to pain: meninges, or the proximal part of the basal cerebral arteries, venous-venous sinuses surrounding the brain and nerves (n. trigemenus, n. Facial, n. Glosofaringeus, n. Beech root cervical root-two, three, and its branches).
Stimulation extracranial structures will generally be perceived as pain in the stimulated area. While headaches as a result of stimulation of intracranial building will be projected onto the surface and was felt in areas distribusu nerve concerned. Perangsanga supra territorial building will be perceived as pain frontal area, in or behind the eye, and the lower temporal region. While stimulation of buildings - buildings and fosaposterior infratentorial region will be felt retroaurikuler and oksipitonukhal.
The pain started dihidung, teeth, sinuses, pharynx and eyes can be projected throughout the distribution area n. trigemenus concerned bahakan pain can spread stricken area served by the other branches
if the excitation is strong enough. Pain is felt in other areas of the nyerri dibaangkitkan called reference pain (refered pain). Often there is a reference nyeria mandibular branch of the sensory areas with pathological processes which is stimulation of the maxillary branch of n. trigemenus. Pain comes from the reference to the eye, sinus, base of the skull, teeth, and from the neck area. In addition, facial pain is often obscured by the intermingling between the innervation n.trigemenus and n. glosofaringeus also factors vascular and muscular will be able to add to the elements of the other pain.
Examination Support cephalgia
1. Rontgen head: detecting fractures and diversion structures.
2. Rontgen sinus: Confirming the diagnosis of sinusitis and identifying structural problems, jaw malformations.
3. Visual inspection: acuity, field of vision, refraction, assist in determining the diagnosis.
4. Brain CT scan: Detecting intracranial period, ventricular displacement or Intracranial hemorrhage.
5. Sinus: Detecting an infection in the area and etmoidal sfenoldal
6. MRI: Detecting the lesion / tissue abnormalities, provide information about the biochemical, physiological and anatomical structures.
7. Ekoensefalografi: note the displacement structure of the brain due to trauma, CSV or space occupaying lesion.
8. Electroencephalography: record brain activity during various activities as headache episodes.
9. Cerebral Angeografi: Identify lesivaskuler.
10. HSD: leukocytosis indicates infection, anemia may stimulate migraine.
11. Sedimentation rate: Probably normal, ateritis temporal setting, increased in inflammation.
12. Electrolytes: unbalanced, hypercalcemia may stimulate migraine.
13. Pungsilumbal: To evaluate / CSS recorded an increase in pressure, the presence of abnormal cells and infection.
Therapy Management
1. Bed rest, reduce / avoid the trigger factor.
2. Symptomatic
3. Abortive
4. Preventive, bil aserangan twice a month, or when severe attacks
5. Muscle relaxation exercises, such as: relaxation, psychotherapy, yoga, cervical manipulation.
Nursing Standard cephalgia
Frequently the problem (diagnosis)
1. Acute Pain
2. Anxious
3. Lack of knowledge
(Specification diagnostics see Appendix 1)
REFERENCES
Doenges ME, et al, 2000, Keperwatan Care Plans Guidelines for Planning and Documenting Patient Care, a book publisher
Medical EGC, Jakarta
Harsono, 2000, Capita Selekta Neurology, Gajah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta
Harsono, 1999, Textbook of Clinical Neurology, Gajah Mada University Press,
Yogyakarta
McCloskey, JC, Bulechek, GM, 1996, the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC), Mosby, St. Louis
Nanda, 2001, Nursing Diagnosis: Definitions and Classification 2001-2002,
Philadelphia
Underwood, JCE, 2000, General and Systemic Pathology, publisher of medical books EGC, Jakarta
