DPT immunization

                                                      DPT immunization

DPT vaccine is a 3-in-1 that protects against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. Diphtheria is a bacterial infection that attacks the throat and can cause serious or fatal complications.
Pertussis (whooping cough) is a bacterial inteksi the airways characterized by persistent severe cough and respiratory sounds shrill. Pertussis lasts for several weeks and can cause severe coughing attacks so that the child can not breathe, eat or drink. Pertussis can also cause serious complications, such as pneumonia, seizures and brain damage.
Tetanus is a bacterial infection that can cause stiffness in the jaw and seizures
DPT vaccine is a vaccine 3-in-1 can be given to children younger than 7 years.
Usually there DPT vaccine by injection, is injected in the arm or thigh muscles.
DPT given 3 times, which is when children from 2 months (DPT I), 3 months (DPT II) and 4 months (DPT III); intervals of not less than 4 weeks. DPT given 1 year anniversary after DPT III and at preschool age (5-6 years).
If the child has an allergic reaction to the pertussis vaccine, it should be taken DT, not DPT.
After getting the initial immunization series, Td vaccine should be given a booster at age 14-16 years and then every 10 years (since the vaccine only provides protection for 10 years, after 10 years should be given a booster).
DPT often cause mild side effects, such as mild fever or soreness at the injection site for a few days. These side effects occur because of the pertussis components in the vaccine.
At less than 1% injection, DTP cause the following complications:
- High fever (more than 40.5 ° Celsius)
- Seizures
- Febrile seizures (risk higher in children who have had a previous history of seizures or seizures contained in the family)
- Shock (blue, pale, weak, do not respond).
If the child is suffering from illness more serious than a mild flu, DPT can be postponed until the child is healthy.
If the child ever had seizures, brain disease or abnormal development, DPT injection is often delayed until the condition improves or seizure control.
1-2 days after getting a DPT shot, may be mild fever, pain, redness or swelling at the injection site.
To overcome the pain and reduce fever, can be given acetaminophen (or ibuprofen).
To reduce pain at the injection site can also be done more frequently warm compress or move their arms or legs in question.

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Polio Immunization

  Provide immunity active immunization against poliomyelitis disease.
Polio can cause muscle pain and paralysis in one or both arms / legs. Polio can cause paralysis of the respiratory muscles and muscles to swallow. Polio can cause death.
There are two kinds of polio vaccine:
IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine, the Salk vaccine), polio virus that had been turned off and is given by injection
OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine, Sabin Vaccine), a vaccine containing live attenuated and has been given in pill or liquid form.
Basic polio immunization given 4 times (polio I, II, III, and IV) with intervals of not less than 4 weeks.
Repeated polio immunization given 1 year after polio immunization IV, then at primary school (5-6 years), and on leaving school (12 years).
In Indonesia generally given Sabin vaccine. The vaccine is given as 2 drops (0.1 mL) directly into the child's mouth or using a spoon containing sugar water.
Polio vaccine contraindications:
Severe diarrhea
Immune disorders (due to immunosuppressive drugs, chemotherapy, corticosteroids)
Pregnancy.
Side effects that may occur in the form of paralysis and convulsions.
The first and second dose is required to induce a primary immune response, while the third and fourth dose required to increase the strength of the antibody to the highest level. After getting the basic immunization series, the adults do not need to be done routinely giving booster, unless he wanted to travel to areas where polio is still common.
To adults who have never been immunized against polio and the need to undergo immunization, should only be given IPV.
To the people who have had severe allergic reactions (anaphylactic) after administration of IPV, streptomycin, polymyxin B or neomycin, should not be given IPV. OPV should be given.
To people with impaired immune systems (such as people with AIDS, HIV infection, leukemia, cancer, lymphoma), it is recommended to be given IPV. IPV is also given to people who are undergoing radiation therapy, cancer therapy, corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive drugs.
IPV can be given to children with diarrhea.
If the child is suffering from mild or severe illness, immunization should be postponed implementation until they are completely recovered.
IPV can cause pain and redness at the injection site, which usually lasts only for a few days.

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HBV immunization

HBV immunization provides immunity against hepatitis B.
Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver that can cause liver cancer and death.
The first dose is given shortly after birth or if the mother has a negative HBsAg, can be given at 2 months old baby.
Primary immunization given 3 times at intervals of 1 month between injections HBV I with HBV II, as well as the time interval between injections 5 months with HBV HBV II III. Immunizations given 5 years after repeat injections of HBV III. Before giving repeated immunizations recommended to check the levels of HBsAg.
The vaccine is injected in the arm or thigh muscle.
To infants born to mothers with positive HBsAg, HBV vaccine given in the left arm and 0.5 mL HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin) on the right arm, within 12 hours after birth. A second dose is given at the time the child is 1-2 months, a third dose is given at the time the child is 6 months.
To infants born to mothers who HBsAgnya status is unknown, given the HBV I within 12 hours after birth. At the time of delivery, maternal blood samples were taken to determine the status HBsAgnya: if positive, then immediately given HBIG (before the baby is older than 1 week).
Providing immunizations to children seriously ill should be postponed until the child is fully recovered.
HBV vaccine can be administered to pregnant women.
Side effects of HBV vaccine are local effects (pain at the injection site) and systemic (mild fever, lethargy, feeling uncomfortable in the digestive tract), which will disappear in a few days.

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Measles Immunization

Immunization against measles provide active immunity against measles (tampek).
Measles immunization given as 1 dose when the child was 9 months or more. In exceptional events can be given at age 6 months and repeated 6 months later.
The vaccine is injected subcutaneously in as many as 0.5 mL.
Measles vaccine contraindications:

• Acute infection with fever over 38 ° Celsius
•  Immune system disorders
• The use of immunosuppressive drugs
• Allergy to egg protein
• Hypersensitivity to kanamycin and erythromycin
• Pregnant women.

Possible side effects include fever, skin rash, diarrhea, conjunctivitis and catarrhal symptoms and encephalitis (rare).

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TT immunization

                                                        TT immunization

 Immunization against tetanus (TT, tetanus toxoid) provide active immunity against tetanus. ATS (Anti Tetanus Serum) can also be used for prevention (passive immunization) or treatment of tetanus.
To pregnant women, TT immunization given 2 times, when the pregnancy was 7 months and 8 months.
The vaccine is injected in the thigh or arm muscles as much as 0.5 mL.
Side effects of the tetanus toxoid is a local reaction at the injection site, in the form of redness, swelling and pain.

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