Showing posts with label askep. Show all posts
Showing posts with label askep. Show all posts
DEFENISI
Delirium adalah keadaan yang bersifat sementara dan biasanya terjadi secara mendadak, dimana penderita mengalami penurunan kemampuan dalam memusatkan perhatiannya dan menjadi linglung, mengalami disorientasi dan tidak mampu berfikir secara jernih. Sindrom klinis akut dan sejenak dengan ciri penurunan taraf kesadaran, gangguan kognitif, gangguan persepsi, termasuk halusinasi dan amp; ilusi, khas adalah visual juga di pancaindera lain, dan gangguan perilaku, seperti agitasi. Gangguan ini berlangsung pendek dan ber-jam hingga berhari-hari, taraf hebatnya berfluktuasi, bereaksi di malam hari, kegelapan membuat halusinasi visual dan amp; gangguan perilaku meningkat. Biasanya reversibel. Penyebabnya termasuk penyakit fisik, intoxikasi obat (zat). Diagnosis klinis biasanya dengan laboratorium dan pemeriksaan pencitraan (imaging) dan terapi untuk menemukan penyebabnya.

ETIOLOGI
Penyebab delirium:
1. Alkohol, obat-obatan dan bahan beracun
2.Efek toksik dari pengobatan
3. Kadar elektrolit, garam dan mineral (misalnya kalsium, natrium atau magnesium) yang tidak normal akibat pengobatan, dehidrasi atau penyakit tertentu.
4. Infeksi akut disertai demam
5. Hidrosefalus bertekanan normal, yaitu suatu keadaan dimana cairan yang membantali otak tidak diserap sebagaimana mestinya dan menekan otak.
6. Hematoma subdural, yaitu pengumpulan darah di bawah tengkorak yang dapat menekan otak.
7. Meningitis, ensefalitis, sifilis (penyakit infeksi yang menyerang otak).
8. Kekurangan tiamin dan vitamin B129. Hipotiroidisme maupun hipotiroidisme3.
10. Tumor otak (beberapa diantaranya kadang menyebabkan linglung dengan gangguan ingatan)
11. Patah tulang panggul dan tulang-tulang panjang.
12. Fungsi jantung atau paru-paru yang buruk dan menyebabkan rendahnya kadar oksigen atau tingginya kadar karbon dioksida di dalam darah13. Stroke.

PATOFISIOLOGI
• Banyak kondisi sistemik dan obat bisa menyebabkan delirium, contoh antikolinergika, psikotropika, dan opioida.
• Mekanisme tidak jelas, tetapi mungkin terkait dengan gangguan reversibilitas dan metabolisme oxidatif otak, abnormalitas neurotransmiter multiple, dan pembentukan sitokines (cytokines).
• Stress dari penyebab apapun bisa meningkatkan kerja saraf simpatik sehingga mengganggu fungsi cholinergic dan menyebabkan delirium.
• Usia lanjut memang dasarnya rentan terhadap penurunan transmisi cholinergic sehingga lebih mudah terjadi delirium. Apapun sebabnya, yang jelas hemisfer otak dan mekanisme (arousal mechanism) dari talamus dan sistem aktivasi retikular batang otak jadi terganggu.
• Terdapat faktor predisposisi gangguan otak organik: seperti demensia, stroke. Penyakit parkinson, usia lanjut, gangguan sensorik, dan gangguan multipel
.
MANIFESTASI KLINIS
Ciri utama dari delirium adalah tidak mampu memusatkan perhatian. Penderita tidak dapat berkonsentrasi, sehingga mereka memiliki kesulitan dalam mengolah informasi yang baru dan tidak dapat mengingat peristiwa yang baru saja terjadi. Hampir semua penderita mengalami disorientasi waktu dan bingung dengan tempat dimana mereka berada. Fikiran mereka kacau, mengigau dan terjadi inkoherensia.Pada kasus yang berat, penderita tidak mengetahui diri mereka sendiri. Beberapa penderita mengalami paranoia dan delusi (percaya bahwa sedang terjadi hal-hal yang aneh) Respon penderita terhadap kesulitan yang dihadapinya berbeda-beda; ada yang sangat tenang dan menarik diri, sedangkan yang lainnya menjadi hiperaktif dan mencoba melawan halusinasi maupun delusi yang di alaminya. Gejala utama ialah kesadaran menurun. Kesadaran yang menurun ialah suatu keadaan dengan kemampuan persepsi perhatian dan pemikiran yang berkurang secara keseluruhan (secara kuantitatif). Gejala-gejala lainnya :
Delirium ditandai oleh kesulitan dalam:
1.Konsentrasi dan memfokuskan
2.Mempertahankan dan mengalihkan daya perhatian
3.Kesadaran naik-turun
4.Disorientasi terhadap waktu, tempat dan orang
5.Halusinasi biasanya visual, kemudian yang lain
6.Bingung menghadapi tugas se-hari-hari
7.Perubahan kepribadian
8.Pikiran menjadi kacau
9.Bicara ngawur
10.Disartria dan bicara cepat
11.Neologisma
12.Inkoheren
Gejala termasuk:
1.Perilaku yang inadekuat
2.Rasa takut
3.Curiga
4.Mudah tersinggung
5.Agitatif
6.Hiperaktif
7.Siaga tinggi (Hyperalert)
Atau sebaliknya bisa menjadi:
1.Pendiam
2.Menarik diri
3.Mengantuk
4.Banyak pasien yang berfluktuasi antara diam dan gelisah
5.Pola tidur dan makan terganggu
6.Gangguan kognitif, jadi daya mempertimbangkan dan tilik-diri terganggu

PEMERIKSAAN DIAGNOSIS
Biasanya klinis. Semua pasien dengan tanda dan gejala gangguan fungsi kognitif perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan kondisi mental formal. Kemampuan atensi bisa diperiksa dengan:
1.Pengulangan sebutan 3 benda
2.Pengulangan 7 angka ke depan dan 5 angka ke belakang (mundur)
3.Sebutkan nama hari dalam seminggu ke depan dan ke belakang (mundur)
4.Ikuti kriteria diagnostik dari lCD-10 atau DSM-IV-TR
5.Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
6.Wawancarai anggota keluarga
7.Penggunaan obat atau zat psikoaktif overdosis atau penghentian mendadak.

PROGNOSIS
Morbiditas dan mortalitas lebih tinggi pada pasien yang masuk sudah dengan delirium dibandingkan dengan pasien yang menjadi delirium setelah di Rumah Sakit. Beberapa penyebab delirium seperti hipoglikemia, intoxikasi, infeksi, faktor trogenik, toxisitas obat, gangguan keseimbangan elektrolit. Biasanya cepat membaik dengan pengobatan. Beberapa pada lanjut usia susah untuk diobati dan bisa melanjut jadi kronik.

PENATALAKSANAAN MEDIS
Terapi diawali dengan memperbaiki kondisi penyakitnya dan menghilangkan faktor yang memberatkan seperti:
1.Menghentikan penggunaan obat
2.Obati infeksi
3.Suport pada pasien dan keluarga
4.Mengurangi dan menghentikan agitasi untuk pengamanan pasien
5.Cukupi cairan dan nutrisi
6.Vitamin yang dibutuhkan
7.Segala alat pengekang boleh digunakan tapi harus segera dilepas bila sudah membaik, alat infuse sesederhana mungkin, lingkungan diatur agar nyaman.

PENGKAJIAN
1. Identitas
Identitas klien meliputi Nama, umur, jenis kelamin, suku bangsa/latar belakang kebudayaan, status sipil, pendidikan, pekerjaan dan alamat.
2. Keluhan utama
Keluhan utama atau sebab utama yang menyebabkan klien datang berobat (menurut klien dan atau keluarga). Gejala utama adalah kesadaran menurun.
3. Faktor predisposisi
Menemukan gangguan jiwa yang ada sebagai dasar pembuatan diagnosis serta menentukan tingkat gangguan serta menggambarkan struktur kepribadian yang mungkin dapat menerangkan riwayat dan perkembangan gangguan jiwa yang terdapat. Dari gejala-gejala psikiatrik tidak dapat diketahui etiologi penyakit badaniah itu, tetapi perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan intern dan nerologik yang teliti. Gejala tersebut lebih ditentukan oleh keadaan jiwa premorbidnya, mekanisme pembelaan psikologiknya, keadaan psikososial, sifat bantuan dari keluarga, teman dan petugas kesehatan, struktur sosial serta ciri-ciri kebudayaan sekelilingnya. Gangguan jiwa yang psikotik atau nonpsikotik yang disebabkan oleh gangguan jaringan fungsi otak. Gangguan fungsi jaringan otak ini dapat disebabkan oleh penyakit badaniah yang terutama mengenai otak (meningoensephalitis, gangguan pembuluh darah otak, tumor otak dan sebagainya) atau yang terutama di luar otak atau tengkorak (tifus, endometriasis, payah jantung, toxemia kehamilan, intoksikasi dan sebagainya).
4. Pemeriksaan fisik
Kesadaran yang menurun dan sesudahnya terdapat amnesia. Tensi menurun, takikardia, febris, BB menurun karena nafsu makan yang menurun dan tidak mau makan.
5. Psikososial
o. Genogram Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan kembar monozigot memberi pengaruh lebih tinggi dari kembar dizigot .
o. Konsep diri
- Gambaran diri, tress or yang menyebabkan berubahnya gambaran diri karena proses patologik penyakit.
- Identitas, bervariasi sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan individu.
- Peran, transisi peran dapat dari sehat ke sakit, tidak sesuaian antara satu peran dengan peran yang lain dan peran yang ragu deman individu tidak tahun dengan jelas perannya, serta peran berlebihan sementara tidak mempunyai kemampuan dan sumber yang cukup.
- Ideal diri, keinginan yang tidak sesuai dengan kenyataan dan kemampuan yang ada.
- Harga diri, ketidakmampuan dalam mencapai tujuan sehingga klien merasa harga dirinya rendah karena kegagalannya.
o. Hubungan sosial
Berbagai faktor di masyarakat yang membuat seseorang disingkirkan atau kesepian, yang selanjutnya tidak dapat diatasi sehingga timbul akibat berat seperti delusi dan halusinasi. Konsep diri dibentuk oleh pola hubungan sosial khususnya dengan orang yang penting dalam kehidupan individu. Jika hubungan ini tidak sehat maka individu dalam kekosongan internal. Perkembangan hubungan sosial yang tidak menyebabkan kegagalan individu untuk belajar mempertahankan komunikasi dengan orang lain, akibatnya klien cenderung memisahkan diri dari orang lain dan hanya terlibat dengan pikirannya sendiri yang tidak memerlukan kontrol orang lain. Keadaan ini menimbulkan kesepian, isolasi sosial, hubungan dangkal dan tergantung.
o. Spiritual
Keyakinan klien terhadap agama dan keyakinannya masih kuat. tetapi tidak atau kurang mampu dalam melaksanakan ibadahnya sesuai dengan agama dan kepercayaannya.
6. Status mental
1. Penampilan klien tidak rapi dan tidak mampu untuk merawat dirinya sendiri.
2. Pembicaraan keras, cepat dan inkoheren.
3. Aktivitas motorik, Perubahan motorik dapat di manifestasikan adanya peningkatan kegiatan motorik, gelisah, impulsif, manerisme, otomatis, steriotipi.
4. Alam perasaan
Klien nampak ketakutan dan putus asa.
5. Emosi.
6. Interaksi selama wawancara
Sikap klien terhadap pemeriksa kurang kooperatif, kontak mata kurang.
7. Persepsi
Persepsi melibatkan proses berpikir dan pemahaman emosional terhadap suatu obyek. Perubahan persepsi dapat terjadi pada satu atau kebiuh panca indera yaitu penglihatan, pendengaran, perabaan, penciuman dan pengecapan. Perubahan persepsi dapat ringan, sedang dan berat atau berkepanjangan. Perubahan persepsi yang paling sering ditemukan adalah halusinasi.
8. Proses berpikir
Klien yang terganggu pikirannya sukar berperilaku baiki, tindakannya cenderung berdasarkan penilaian pribadi klien terhadap realitas yang tidak sesuai dengan penilaian yang umum diterima.
Penilaian realitas secara pribadi oleh klien merupakan penilaian subyektif yang dikaitkan dengan orang, benda atau kejadian yang tidak logis.(Pemikiran autistik). Klien tidak menelaah ulang kebenaran realitas. Pemikiran autistik dasar perubahan proses pikir yang dapat dimanifestasikan dengan pemikian primitf, hilangnya asosiasi, pemikiran magis, delusi (waham), perubahan linguistik (memperlihatkan gangguan pola pikir abstrak sehingga tampak klien regresi dan pola pikir yang sempit.
9. Tingkat kesadaran
Kesadran yang menurun, bingung. Disorientasi waktu, tempat dan orang.
10. Memori
Gangguan daya ingat yang baru saja terjadi ) kejadian pada beberapa jam atau hari yang lampau) dan yang sudah lama berselang terjadi (kejadian beberapa tahun yang lalu).
11. Tingkat konsentrasi
Klien tidak mampu berkonsentrasi
12. Kemampuan penilaian
Gangguan ringan dalam penilaian atau keputusan.
Everyone experiences feelings of anxiety during their lifetime. For example, you may feel worried and anxious sitting exams or have a medical test or job interview. Feeling anxious sometimes is perfectly normal. However, for people with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), anxiety is much more constant and tends to affect everyday life.
Anxiety Nursing Care
Definition
Vague feeling of discomfort or fear and accompanied by autonomic response (the source often nonspecific or unknown to the individual), which can provide subjective repon to stress. Stress is a stimulus or situation that causes physical and psychological distress to a person.
Anxiety may be present at some level in every individual's life, but the degree and frequency with which manifests differ widely. The response of each individual has a different anxiety. Anxiety provoking emotional edge to stimulate creativity or problem-solving ability, the other can be moved to a pathological level. Feeling generally categorized into four levels for treatment purposes: mild, moderate, severe, and panic. Nurses can find anxious patient anywhere in the hospital or the public sphere.
Anxiety levels
Some theories divide anxiety into four levels:
Mild Anxiety
Mild anxiety associated with the tension of the events of everyday life and cause a person to be alert and increased perception. Anxiety can motivate learning and produce growth and creativity.
Anxiety was
At this level the field of environmental perception decreases. And every individual is more important to focus on the fact that time and ruled out other things.
Severe anxiety
Individuals at this stage tend to think of something very small and enlarged besarkanya and ignore everything else. Individuals are not able to think realistically and require a lot of direction, in order to concentrate on another issue.
Panic
At this stage is very narrow perception, so that the individual can no longer control himself and could not do anything about it, despite being instructed / demands. In a panic increased motor activity, decreased ability to interact with other people and there is no loss of rational thought.
Defining Characteristics
Physiological:
Increased blood pressure, pulse, and respirationDizziness, light-headednessSweatFrequent urinationflushingDifficulty breathingPalpitationsDry mouthheadacheNausea / or diarrheaanxietyTo and froInsomnia, nightmaresTremblingFeelings of helplessness and discomfort
behavior:
Expression of powerlessnessFeelings of inadequacyCryDifficulty concentratingConfusedInability to solve the problempreoccupation
ASSESSMENT

    
Review the history of the client to the stressor.
    
Note the physiological symptoms of anxiety client
    
Determine the level of client anxieta
    
Determine the cognitive response clan
    
Observation of behavior
    
Determine the client's degree of distress to families
    
Determine the coping strategies used
    
Nursing Diagnosis
    
Disturbance Interactions
    
Anxious
    
Ineffective individual coping
    
Ineffective family Kopng
    
Decision conflicts
    
Disruption of sleep patterns
    
Risk of violence


Coping Strategies (-) stress

    
Looking for people who can help
    
Trying to discipline yourself and diligently
    
Releasing strong emotions
    
Memecahka choice menggunakantehnk think da problem
    
Physical exercise to release energy
Using relaxation techniques:

    
Listening to music
    
Bath with warm water
    
Meditation
Expected results
Patients are able to recognize the signs of anxiety.Patients showed positive coping mechanisms.Patients may describe decreased levels of anxiety experienced.



CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The adrenal gland consists of the medulla and the cortex. The cortex consists of zona glomerulosa, fasikulata, and reticular. Zona glomerulosa secrete controlled by aldosterone and renin-angiotensin mechanism and does not rely on the pituitary. Zona reticularis fasikulata and secrete cortisol and androgenic hormones and controlled by the pituitary via ACTH. Secretion of ACTH by the pituitary is controlled by (1) hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor, and (2) the feedback effects of cortisol. When there is a disruption in the formation of these hormones either excess or lack of, will affect the body and cause an abnormality. Cushing's syndrome is caused by excess cortisol.


CHAPTER 2
THEORY REVIEW


2.1 Definition of Cushing's Syndrome
Harvey Cushing in 1932 describes a condition caused by adenoma pituitary cells basophils. This is called "Cushing's disease".
Cushing's syndrome is a condition caused by the combined metabolic effects of elevated glucocorticoid levels in the blood is settled. These high levels may occur spontaneously or as pharmacologic dose glucocorticoid compounds. (Sylvia A. Price; Patofisiolgi, p. 1088)
Cushing's Syndrome clinical picture resulting from an increase in plasma glucocorticoids long-term pharmacologic dose (latrogen). (William F. Ganang, Medical Physiology, p 364).
Cushing's Syndrome is caused by excessive secretion of steroid adrenokortial especially cortisol. (IDI). Volume III Issue I, p 826).
Cuhsing Syndrome due to maintenance of blood cortisol levels are abnormally high because hiperfungsi adrenal cortex. (Pediatrics, Volume 15 It 1979).

2.2 Etiology
Cushing's syndrome can be caused by:
1. Elevated levels of ACTH (not always due to pituitary adenoma basophil cell).
2. ATCH elevated levels due to the tumor outside the pituitary, such as lung tumors, pancreas that secrete "ACTH-like substance".
3. Adrenal neoplasms are adenomas and carcinomas.
4. Iatrogenic.
Providing long-term glucocorticoids in pharmacologic doses. Found in patients with rheumatoid artitis, asthma, lymphoma and skin disorders who receive synthetic glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory agents.

2.3 Clinical Manifestations
Can be classified according to the function of the adrenal cortex hormones: cortisol, 17 ketosteroid, aldosterone and estrogen.
1. Symptoms hypersecretion of cortisol (hiperkortisisme), namely:
a. Sentrifetal obesity and "moon face".
b. Thin skin so that the face looks red, raised Strie and ecchymosis.
c. The muscles shrink due to the effects of protein catabolism.
d. Osteoporosis can lead to compression fractures and kyphosis.
e. Atherosclerosis is the cause of hypertension.
f. Diabetes mellitus.
g. Alkalosis, and hypokalemia hipokloremia.
2. Symptoms hypersecretion 17 ketosteroid:
a. Hirsutism (male resembles female).
b. Voice in.
c. Incurred acne.
d. Amenorrhea or impotence.
e. Enlargement of the clitoris.
f. Muscles grow (masculinization)
3. Symptoms of aldosterone hypersecretion.
a. Hypertension.
b. Hypokalemia.
c. Hypernatremia.
d. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
e. Edema (rare)
f. Plasma volume increases
When these symptoms are striking, especially the first two symptoms, a disease called Conn or primary hyperaldosteronism.

4. Symptoms of estrogen hypersecretion (rare)
In Cushing's syndrome is the most characteristic symptoms of hypersecretion of cortisol, sometimes mixed with other symptoms. Generally onset disease is not clearly known, the first symptom is weight gain. Often accompanied by psychological symptoms to psychosis. The disease is intermittent, then weakness, easy infections, peptic ulcers arise and possibly vertebral fractures. Deaths caused by general weakness, cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and rarely by a diabetic coma.

2.4 Classification
Cushing's syndrome can be divided into 2 types:
1. Depending ACTH
Hiperfungsi adrenal cortex may be caused by the pituitary ACTH secretion are abnormal excessive. This type first described by the Hervey Cushing in 1932, it is also a condition called Cushing's disease.
2. ACTH-independent
The existence of ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, in addition there is histological evidence of pituitary hyperplasia kortikotrop, it remains unclear whether kikroadenoma maupum reciprocal hyperplasia due to impaired release of CRH (Cortikotropin Realising hormone) by neurohipotalamus. (Sylvia A. Price; Pathophysiology. Matter 1091).

2.5 Complications
• Crisis Addisonia
• The adverse effects on the activity of adrenal correction
• Fractures due to osteoporosis

2.6 Diagnosis comparison
Clinical diagnosis can be made when there are three or more of the following signs:
1. Fatigue great and small muscles
2. Centripetal obesity and cessation of growth.
3. Strie reddish.
4. Ekhimosis without platelet disorders.
5. Hypertension.
6. Osteoporosis.
7. Diabetes mellitus.

2.7 Examination Support
1. In simple laboratory tests, it was found limfositofeni, neutrophil number between 10,000 - 25.000/mm3. eosinophils 50 / mm3 hiperglekemi (Dm occurred in 10% of cases) and hypokalemia.
2. Examination of diagnostic laboratory.
Examination cortisol levels and "overnight dexamethasone suppression test" is to give 1 mg dexametason at 11 pm, the next day plasma cortisol levels checked again. In normal circumstances these levels decreased. Pemerikaan 17 hydroxy corticosteroids in the urine 24 hours (the metabolism of cortisol), 17 ketosteroid in the urine 24 hours.
3. Specific tests to distinguish hyperplasia-adenoma or carcinoma:
  1. Urinary deksametasone suppression test. Measure 17 hidroxi kostikosteroid levels in the urine of 24 hours, then given dexametasone 4 X 0.5 mg for 2 days, check again 17 hidroxi corticosteroid levels in the absence of or only slightly decreased, there may be abnormalities. Give dexametasone 4 x 2 mg for 2 days, when levels of corticosteroids decreased 17 hidroxi means there is suppression of adrenal abnormalities in the form of hyperplasia, when there is no possibility of suppression of adenoma or carcinoma.
  2. Short oral metyrapone test. Metirapone cortisol inhibits the formation of up to 17 hidroxikortikosteroid. In hyperplasia, 17 hidroxi corticosteroid levels will go up to 2 times, in adenoma and carcinoma is not an increase in urinary levels of 17 hidroxikortikosteroid.
  3. Measurement of plasma ACTH levels.
  4. ACTH stimulation test, the adenoma was found increased levels up to 2-3 times, at kasinoma no increase.

2.8 Management
Treatment of ACTH dependent Cushing's syndrome is not uniform, depending on whether the source is pituitary ACTH / ectopic.
a. If you found a pituitary tumor. Should attempted tranfenoida tumor resection.
b. If there is evidence of hiperfungsi pituitary tumor but could not be found to do so instead kobait radiation on the pituitary gland.
c. Excess cortisol can also be overcome by adrenolektomi total and followed by administration of physiological doses of cortisol.
d. When excess cortisol is caused by neoplasm followed by chemotherapy in patients with carcinoma / surgical therapy.
e. Used with kind metyropone drugs, amino gluthemide o, p-ooo could secrete cortisol (Silvia A. Price; Pathophysiology Issue 4 case 1093)

2.9 Web of causation Cushing Syndrome
Attached.

CHAPTER 3
NURSING CARE
3.1 Assessment
A. Identity Client
The identity of clients includes name, gender, place / date of birth, age, education, religion, address, date of admission. Often more prevalent in women than in men and have peak incidence between the ages of 20 and 30 years old.
B. Main complaint
There is bruising of the skin, the patient complained of weakness, weight gain occurs.
C. History of the disease before
Assess whether the patient ever used any drugs kartekosteroid in a long time.
D. Family history of disease
Assess whether the family had suffered from the disease Cushing's syndrome.
E. Physical examination
1. B1 (Breath)
Inspection: nostril breathing is sometimes seen, symmetrical chest movement
Palpation: Vocal premitus palpable rate, there is no tenderness
Percussion: resonant voice
Auscultation: Sounds normal breath sounds, no sound extra breath.
2. B2 (Blood)
Percussion deaf, S1 S2 single sounds, hypertension, increased TD.
3. B3 (Brain)
Composmentis (456), natural instability to feelings of depression mania
4. B4 (Bladder)
Polyuria, sometimes forming kidney stones, sodium retention.

5. B5 (Bowel)
There are weight gain, pain in the stomach area, striae found in the abdomen, mucosal dry lips, faint voice.
6. B6 (musculoskeletal and integument)
Thin skin, increased pigmentation, easy bruising, muscle atrophy, ecchymosis, slow wound healing, muscle weakness, osteoporosis, moon face, punguk bison, obesity tunkus.

3.2 Nursing Diagnosis
1. Risk of injury associated with weakness and decreased bone matrix.
2. High risk of infection associated with immunodeficiency.
3. Intregritas skin disorders associated with fragile thin skin daan.
4. Self care deficit related to weakness, fatigue, muscle mass maintenance.
5. Body image disturbance associated with changes in physical appearance.
6. Pain associated with injury in the gastric mucosa.
7. Impaired thought processes associated with fluctuating emotions and depression

3.3 Intervention
1. Risk of injury associated with weakness and decreased bone matrix.
Objective: To reduce the risk of injury
Criteria results: Clients are free from soft tissue injuries or fractures
Intervention:
1. Create a protective environment
Rationale: Preventing falls, fractures and other injuries to the bones and soft tissues.

2. Help clients ambulation
Rationale: Prevents dropped or bumped on the sharp corners of furniture.
3. Collaboration with a team of nutrition by administering a diet high in protein, calcium, and vitamin D
Rationale: Minimize depletion of muscle mass and osteoporosis.

2. High risk of infection associated with immunodeficiency.
Objective: To reduce the risk of infection
Criteria results: Clients not increase body temperature, redness, pain, or signs of infection and other inflammatory.
Intervention:
1. Assess TTV (TD, Nadi, body temperature and other signs of infection symptoms every 4 hours)
Rational: to know the signs of the infection as early as possible
2. Explaining the cause of the infection in patients
Rationale: Patient understanding and cooperative about the cause of the infection
3. Place on a particular space and limit visitors
Rational avoid or reduce the contact source of infection, to keep clients from pathogenic agents that can cause infection

3. Intregritas skin disorders associated with fragile thin skin daan.
Goal: Reduce the risk of lesions / decrease in the integrity of the skin
Criteria results: Clients are able to maintain the integrity of the skin, demonstrating behaviors / techniques to prevent damage / injury to the skin.
Intervention:
1. Inspection of the skin to change color, turgor, vascular.
Rational: indicates poor circulation area / damage that can lead to the formation of infection.


2. Monitor fluid intake and hydration of the skin and mucous membranes.
Rational: detect dehydration / hydration excessively affecting circulation and tissue integrity at the cellular level.
3. Inspections are dependent edema.
Rational: tissue edema were more likely damaged / torn.
4. Give skin care. Give ointment or cream.
Rational: lotions and ointments may be desirable to eliminate dry skin tears.
5. Encourage use loose cotton clothes.
Rationale: prevent direct dermal irritation and improve skin moisture evaporation.
6. Collaboration in the provision foam mattress.
Rational: reducing pressure on the old network.
4. Body image disturbance associated with changes in physical appearance.
Destination: the client can accept her situation.
Expected outcomes:
Clients express their feelings and coping methods for negative perceptions about changes in appearance, and activity level. Declare acceptance of the situation themselves.
Intervention:
1. Assess the patient's level of knowledge about the condition and treatment.
Rational: identify broad issues and the need for intervention.
2. Discuss the meaning of the changes in a patient.
Rational: some patients view the situation as a challenge, multiple difficulty accepting the change of life / performance roles and lose the ability to control your own body.
3. Encourage people closest to treat patients as normal and not as a disabled person.
Rational: expressed the hope that the patient is able to manages the situation and helps to maintain a sense of self and purpose in life.
3.4 Evaluation
The evaluation was conducted at any time after nursing plan done while evaluating ways in accordance with the objective criteria of success keparawatan plan. Thus, the evaluation can be carried out in accordance with the criteria / arrangement detailed progress notes written on a sheet containing SOAPIER (data subject, object, Asesment, Implementation, Evaluation, Revision).


REFERENCES

Ben Gray. , 2010. http://askep-askeb-kita.blogspot.com/. accessed on 2 March 2010 at 13.15 pm
Budiyanto, Carko. , 2009. Cushing Syndrome. http://medicastore.com/penyakit_kategori/1/index.html. accessed on 9 March 2010 at 16. 30 pm
De belto, Dasto. , 2010. Askep Cushing syndrome. http :/ / dastodebelto.blogspot.com/2010/02/judul-skripsi.html. accessed on 4 March 2010 at 20:30 pm
Ganong, William F. , 1998. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 17th. Jakarta: EGC.
Guyton, AC. 1997. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 9th. Jakarta: EGC.
Hadley, Mac E. 2000. Endocrinology. 5th. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, inc.
Mansjoer, Arif, et al. , 2007. Capita Selekta Medicine Volume 1. Edition 3. Jakarta: Faculty of medicine Aesculapius Media.
Phatoelisme. , 2010. Askep Cushing's syndrome. http://baioe.wordpress.com/about. html. accessed on 4 March at 20:30 pm
Sylvia A. Price. 1994. Clinical Concepts Patofisiolgi Disease Processes. Jakarta: EGC
Susanne C. Smeltzer. 1999. Textbook of Medical-Surgical Brunner Suddart. Jakarta: EGC


A. THEORY
Etiology
The cause of the cyst coledocal still debated. One explanation can be accepted and explained by Babbit. He suggested a linkage between the biliary duct pakreatikus abnormally with the establishment of a "channel" where the secretion of pancreatic enzymes released into the biliary duct wall caused by the vandalism of fragile enzyme that causes gradual dilation, inflammation and eventually formed cysts. But keep in mind that not all cases of cyst formation coledocal show "channel".
Coledocal cyst is more prevalent in women than in men (4: 1). Symptoms commonly called compleks classic symptoms described in the clinical manifestations.
Pathophysiology
There are various explanations and coledocal cyst classification based on the location and anatomy. Classification of the help made by Todani modified from the classification developed by Alonsolej. The first type is characterized by the merger (fusiform) dilated biliary duct where duct cyst in (most common). Coledocal cyst is considered an initial overview of the biliary system disorders pankretikus. Some of the circumstances that are often associated with cysts coledocal is a state jungta pancreatic duct anomalies and large biliary duct, stenosis of the distal biliary duct, intra-hepatic duct dilatation. Histological abnormalities and abnormalities of the biliary ductal histology of normal liver to liver cirrhosis. These figures take place in several stages and the combination of changes in anatomy and malformations.
 
Clinical Manifestations
The nurse is important to know the clinical manifestations of cystic coledocal, where information obtained during the assessment.
Common signs of cyst called clssic sympton coledocal copleks include pain, a mass, yellow experienced less than half the patients. Signs are more often seen is abdominal pain that often recur after several months or years. Usually only a few shows jaundice. If the condition persists, it can happen colangitis, serosis and portal hypertension.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Coledocal cysts in infants or fetuses can be detected by maternal antenatal ultrasound. In adults performed ultrasonography and computerized axial tomography. Endoscopic retrogrde echolangiospancreatography (ERCP) performed in patients when the results are less clear noninfasiv procedures.
Nursing Diagnosis
According to Spark, nursing diagnoses are common in patients with cystic coledocal are:
1. Painful
2. Impaired self kosep
3. Changes in nutrition
4. Impaired gas exchange
Intervention
1. Medical Intervention
Surgery include internal drainage through systerectomy and excision. Morbidity of the action is quite high. Cyst wall consists of connective tissue covered with mucous membrane. Unexpected events is scar tissue obstruction. Furthermore, tissue cysts can not be contracted after drainage.
Morbidity can also disebabka by biliary stasis. Another risk is the growth of malignant due to retention cysts. For this it is recommended cyst resection.
Successful resection require action by inserting a circular dissection plane between the cyst and the portal vein to facilitate removal. In this procedure possible injury to the pancreatic duct. Another alternative procedure can be performed when anatomically porta driven by inflammation.
2. Nursing interventions
Nursing interventions conducted in order to overcome the problem that is described in kperawatan diagnosis and directed to prevent injury. In general, nursing actions include:
§ Reduce pain
§ Assist the patient to recover his self-concept, face and accept reality and to develop problem-solving patterns.
§ Adequate nutritional needs.
§ Adequate gas exchange needs.